Cách dùng mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ, Cấu trúc cách làm bài tập (Relative Clauses)

Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative clauses) là một chủ điểm kiến thức ngữ pháp quan trọng các bạn cần nắm vững trong tiếng Anh. Các bài thi quan trọng như IELTS hay TOEIC thường ra đề trong một số chủ điểm sau: phân biệt cách sử dụng  giữa “that” và “which” cũng như “that” và “what”. Trong bài viết này sẽ chia sẻ chi tiết cho các bạn hiểu được về mệnh đề quan hệ, cách dùng mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ, Cấu trúc cách làm bài tập ( Relative Clauses).

Xem thêm bài viết được quan tâm nhất:

• Cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ – Phương pháp mỗi dạng bài tập
• Cách dùng mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và không xác định
• Cách dùng since/For, suggest, unless & bài tập có đáp án dễ hiểu

1. Tóm tắt lại kiến thức

Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc của cả một câu. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ đứng trước nó.

• Xét ví dụ 1: The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend.

Trong câu này phần được viết chữ nghiêng được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng sau “the woman” và dùng để xác định danh từ đó. 

Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này ra chúng ta vẫn có một câu hoàn chỉnh:  The woman is my girlfriend.

• Xét ví dụ 2: The girl is Nam’s girlfriend. She is sitting next to me. =>The girl who is sitting next to me is Nam’s girlfriend.

Mệnh đề quan hệ thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns): who, whom, which, whose, that……

Mệnh đề quan hệ có hai loại: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.

2. Mệnh đề quan hệ với giới từ

Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)

Ví dụ: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.

➨ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.

➨ Mr. Brown, whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.

Chú ý:

• Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có thể dùng that thay cho whom và which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.
• Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta có không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có không thể dùng that thay cho whom và which.

3. Vị trí giới từ trong các mệnh đề quan hệ

Thường có các giới từ trong các mệnh đề quan hệ, và một đại từ quan hệ là túc từ của giới từ đó. Giới từ thường được đặt ở cuối mệnh đề tương đối và đại từ có thể được bao gồm hoặc bỏ qua. 

Trong tiếng Anh trang trọng, giới từ được đặt trước đại từ quan hệ, và trong trường hợp này đại từ không thể bỏ qua. Trong các ví dụ dưới đây, các đại từ trong ngoặc đơn có thể được bỏ qua.

Tiếng Anh hàng ngày	Tiếng Anh trang trọng
Is that the man (who) she arrived with?	Is that the man with whom she arrived?
Does he know the girl (that) John is talking to?	Does he know the girl to whom John is talking?
The person (who) he is negotiating with is the Chairman of a large company.	The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
It is a club (which) many important people belong to.	It is a club to which many important people belong.
He liked the people (that) he lived with.	He liked the people with whom he lived.
The tree (that) they had their picnic under was the largest and oldest in the park.	The tree under which they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
It was the river (that) the children preferred to swim in.	It was the river in which the children preferred to swim.
The jungle (that) the tribe lived in was full of strange and unusual animals.	The jungle in which the tribe lived was full of strange and unusual animals.

4. Cấu trúc cách làm các dạng bài tập

Dạng 1: bài tập nối câu

Nối 2 câu: dạng này đề bài người ta cho 2 câu riêng biệt và yêu cầu mình dùng đại từ quan hệ nối chúng lại với nhau. Các bước làm dạng này như sau:

Bước 1: chọn 2 từ giống nhau ở 2 câu: câu đầu phải chọn danh từ, câu sau thường là đại từ (he, she, it, they …) 

Ví dụ: The man is my father. You met him yesterday.

Bước 2: thế who, which… vào chữ đã chọn ở câu sau, rồi đem (who, which) Ra đầu câu => the man is my father. You met him yesterday. Ta thấy him là người, làm túc từ nên thế whom vào -> the man is my father. You met whom yesterday. Đem whom ra đầu câu -> the man is my father. Whom you met yesterday.

Bước 3: đem nguyên câu sau đặt ngay phía sau danh từ đã chọn ở câu trước.  The man is my father. Whom you met yesterday -> the man whom you met yesterday is my father.

Dạng 2: điền vào chỗ trống

Dạng này đề bài người ta cho sẵn một câu đã được nối với nhau nhưng chừa chỗ trống để thí sinh điền đại từ quan hệ vào. Các bước làm dạng này như sau:

Bước 1: nhìn danh từ phía trước (kế bên chỗ trống) xem người hay vật (hoặc cả hai):

• Nếu vật thì ta điền which / that.

The dog __________ runs …..( thấy phía trước là dog nên dùng which / that).

• Nếu là: reason, cause thì dùng why.

The reason ________ he came … (dùng why).

• Nếu là thời gian thì dùng when.
• Nếu là nơi chốn thì dùng where.

Lưu ý:

When, where, why không làm chủ từ, do đó nếu ta thấy phía sau chưa có chủ từ thì ta phải dùng which / that chứ không được dùng when, where, why.

Do you know the city _______ is near here?

Ta nhận thấy city là nơi chốn, nhưng đừng vội vàng điền where vào. Hãy nhìn tiếp phía sau và ta thấy kế bên nó là is ( động từ ) tức là chữ is đó chưa có chủ từ, và chữ mà ta điền vào sẽ làm chủ từ cho nó -> không thể điền where mà phải dùng which /that ( nếu không bị cấm kỵ )

-> do you know the city __which / that_____ is near here?

Xem thêm:Cách dùng In spite of và Because of trong tiếng Anh – Bài tậpCấu trúcApologize – Phân biệt và cách dùng bài tập chi tiếtCách dùng used to/ be used to/ get used to – Cấu trúc & phân biệt

Bước 2: Nếu ta thấy rõ ràng là thời gian, nơi chốn nhưng xem kỹ phía sau động từ người ta có chừa lại giới từ hay không, nếu có thì không được dùng when, where, why mà phải dùng which / that.

The house ________ i live in is nice.

Ta thấy house là nơi chốn, nhưng không được điền where, nhìn sau thấy người ta còn chừa lại giới từ in nên phải dùng which /that -> the house ___ which/that _____ i live in is nice

Nhưng đôi khi người ta lại đem giới từ lên để trước thì cũng không được dùng where nữa: the house in ___ which _____ i live is nice

Bước 3: nếu là người thì ta tiếp tục nhìn phía sau xem có chủ từ chưa? Nếu có chủ từ rồi thì ta dùng whom / that, nếu chưa có chủ từ thì ta điền who / that.

Lưu ý: nếu thấy phía sau kế bên chỗ trống là một danh đứng một mình thì phải xem xét nghĩa xem có phải là sở hữu không, nếu phải thì dùng whose.

The man ________son studies at …..

Ta thấy chữ son đứng một mình không có a, the ,.. nên sẽ nghĩ là sở hữu, dịch thử thấy đúng là sở hữu dùng whose (người đàn ông mà con trai của ông ta).

=> the man ____( whose )____son studies at …..

Bước 4: nếu phía trước vừa có người + vật thì phải dùng that: the man and his dog that ….

5. Bài tập vận dụng

Bài 1: Điền vào chỗ trống who, which or that

Điền vào chỗ trống mệnh đề xác định và không xác định who, which or that

• The men _______ lives next-door are English.
• The dictionary _______ you gave me is very good.
• Do you know the girls _______ are standing outside the church?
• The police are looking for the thief _______ got into my house last night.
• The chocolate _______ you like comes from the United States.
• I have lost the necklace _______ my mother gave me on my birthday.
• A burglar is someone _______ breaks into a house and steals things.
• Buses _______ go to the airport every half hour.
• I can’t find the key _______ opens this door.
• I gave you a book _______ had many pictures.
• I don’t like the boy _______ Sue is going out with.
• Did you see the beautiful dress _______ she wore yesterday?
• The man _______ she is going to marry is very rich.
• This is the bank _______ was robbed yesterday.
• He wore a mask _______ made him look like Mickey Mouse.

Bài 2:  Điền mệnh đề quan hệ who, which or whose

Điền vào chỗ trống mệnh đề quan hệ who, which or whose

1. He arrived with a friend ______ waited outside in the car.
2. The man ______ mobile was ringing and did not know what to do.
3. The car ______ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.
4. The woman ______ daughter was crying and tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ______ works in the village is very old.
6. The family’s ______ car was stolen last week by the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red shirt and looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ______ carries lots of people.
9. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ______ like music are often good at mathematics.
11. The engineers ______ designed the building and received an award.
12. The girl ______ recited the poem is my niece.
13. The townspeople, ______ pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a new town hall.
14. The Pacific Ocean, ______ might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world’s largest ocean.
15. The newspaper to ______ we subscribe is delivered regularly.

Bài 3: Đặt who/ whom/ which/ that/ where….

Đặt who/ whom/ which/ that/ where….vào chỗ trống bên dưới đây

1. The parents thanked the woman ____had saved their son
2. The factory _____closed last week had been there for many years
3. Two men, neither of _____I had been before, came into my office.
4. I like the ice-cream ____they sell in that shop
5. He ate the food _____ no one else wanted
6. John has got a new mobile phone ____ takes photos
7. The village _____ I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station
8. The job for _____she has applied is in London
9. John sold his computer, _____he no longer need, to his cousin
10. Teddy has two cars, one of ____ is very expensive.

Bài 4: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

2. I don’t remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

3. The only thing is how to go home. It makes me worried.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

4. The most beautiful girl lives in the city. I like her long hair very much.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have more free time then.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost their way in the forest.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

11. The students will be awarded the present. The students’ reports are very valuable.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. …..

12. The book was a lovely story. I was reading it yesterday.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

13. The botanist will never forget the day. He found a strange plant on that day.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

14. Someone is phoning you. He looked for you three hours ago.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

15. The man works for my father’s company. The man’s daughter is fond of dancing.

………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

Bài 5:  Viết lại câu sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ

1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist.
2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.
3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in Italy.
4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very friendly.
5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.
6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.
7. Nam loves books. They have happy endings.
8. I live in a city. It is in the north of Vietnam.
9. The man is in the class. He is wearing a blue hat.
10. The woman works in a hospital. She is from India.
11. My sister has four sons. She lives in Japan.
12. The man was rude. He was wearing a red shirt.
13. The phone is on the table. It belongs to An.
14. The TV got broken. It was my grandfather’s.
15. The radio was stolen. It was bought 35 years ago.
16. The girl gave Binh his phone. She is his daughter.
17. This is the laptop. My mother has just bought it.
18. That’s the man. His car is a Ferrari.
19. I know the woman. She lives upstairs.
20. It’s the dog. I always talk to him at night.
21. She opened the cupboard. She kept her best glasses in there.
22. This is the house. General Giap lived here.
23. The flight was canceled. We were going to take it.
24. I saw the lady in the shop. She was Vicki Zhao.
25. The man is a director. His dog is sick.
26. My violin is missing. It was my birthday present.
27. I first learned English from a book. I’ve just reread it.
28. The police officer has just arrested a man. He robbed the bank.
29. These are the shoes. I bought them at HCMC.

Bài 6: Kết hợp hai câu bằng cách sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ

1. She bought the car. Her father had recommended it.
2. He lost the pen. I had given it to him.
3. We called the delivery company. Nga often uses it.
4. Lam met a girl. I used to employ her.
5. Chi called the lawyer. My mother knows him.
6. He brought a woman. I worked with her last year.
7. We employed the pianist. Hai introduced her.
8. The cake is on the table. I bought it.
9. The book belongs to Lan. And found it under the chair.
10. The food was delicious. Huy cooked the food.
11. The bike was stolen. My parents gave me a bike.
12. The man was arrested. I reported him to the police.
13. The teacher was right. Ngan asked him about her problem.
14. The writer was very pretty. My brother dated her.
15. The secretary is in the office. Dzung likes her.
16. We ate food. I bought the food.

Đáp án đề luyện tập về mệnh đề quan hệ

Bài 1: Điền vào chỗ trống mệnh đề xác định và không xác định who, which or that

1. The men ___who___ lives next-door are English.
2. The dictionary ___which___ you gave me is very good.
3. Do you know the girls ___who___ are standing outside the church?
4. The police are looking for the thief ___who___ got into my house last night.
5. The chocolate ___which___ you like comes from the United States.
6. I have lost the necklace ___which___ my mother gave me on my birthday.
7. A burglar is someone ___that___ breaks into a house and steals things.
8. Buses ___that___ go to the airport run every half hour.
9. I can’t find the key ___which___ opens this door.
10. I gave you a book ___which___ had many pictures.
11. I don’t like the boy ___who___ Sue is going out with.
12. Did you see the beautiful dress ___which___ she wore yesterday.
13. The man ___whom___ she is going to marry is very rich.
14. This is the bank ___which___ was robbed yesterday.
15. He wore a mask ___which___ made him look like Mickey Mouse.

Bài 2:  Điền vào chỗ trống mệnh đề quan hệ who, which or whose

1. He arrived with a friend ___who___ waited outside in the car.
2. The man ___whose___ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
3. The car ___which___ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.
4. The woman ___whose___ daughter was crying tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ___who___ works in the village is very old.
6. The family ___whose___ car was stolen last week is the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ___who___ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ___which___ carries lots of people.
9. The volunteers, ___whose___ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ___who___ like music are often good at mathematics.
11. The engineers ___who___ designed the building received an award.
12. The girl ___who___ recited the poem is my niece.
13. The townspeople, ___whose___ pride in their community is well-known, raised enough money to build a new town hall.
14. The Pacific Ocean, ___which___ might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world’s largest ocean.
15. The newspaper to ____which___ we are delivered regularly.

Bài 3: Đặt who/ whom/ which/ that/ where…. Vào chỗ trống

1. The parents thanked the woman _who/that___had saved their son
2. The factory _which/that____closed last week had been there for many years
3. Two men, neither of __whom___I had been before, came into my office.
4. I like the ice-cream __that/which__they sell in that shop
5. He ate the food __that/which___ no one else wanted
6. John has got a new mobile phone _that/which___ takes photos
7. The village __where___ I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station
8. The job for _which____she has applied is in London
9. John sold his computer, __which___he no longer need, to his cousin
10. Teddy has two cars, one of __which__ is very expensive.

Bài 4: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

1. The first boy who knows the truth has just moved.
2. I don’t remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last week.
3. The only thing which makes me worried is how to go home.
4. The most beautiful girl, whose long hair I like very much, lives in this city.
5. The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom.
6. The children often go swimming on Sundays when they have much free time.
7. They’re looking for the man and his dog that have lost the way in the forest.
8. The tree which stands near the gate of my house has lovely flowers.
9. My wife, whom you were speaking to, wants you to come to dinner.
10. I want to talk to the last man who has just returned from the farm.
11. The students whose reports are very valuable will be awarded the present.
12. The book which I was reading yesterday was a lovely story.
13. The botanist will never forget the day when he found a strange plant.
14. The person who looked for you three hours ago is phoning you.
15. The man whose daughter is fond of dancing works for my father’s company.

Bài 5:  Viết lại câu sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ

1. He worked for a woman who used to be an artist
2. They called a doctor who lived nearby
3. I wrote an email to my sister who lives in Italy
4. Linh liked the very friendly waiter.
5. We broke a car that belonged to my uncle.
6. Ba dropped a new cup.
7. Nam loves books that have happy endings.
8. I live in a city that is in the north of Vietnam.
9. The man who is wearing a blue hat is in the class.
10. The woman who is from India works in a hospital.
11. My sister who lives in Japan has four sons.
12. The man who was wearing a red shirt was rude.
13. The phone that belongs to An is on the table.
14. The TV that was my grandfather’s got broken.
15. The radio that was bought 35 years ago was stolen.
16. The girl who gave Binh his phone is his daughter.
17. This is the laptop which my mother has just bought.
18. That’s the man whose car is a Ferrari.
19. I know the woman who lives upstairs
20. It’s the dog that I always talk to at night.
21. She opened the cupboard where she kept her best glasses.
22. This is the house where General Giap lived.
23. The flight that we were going to take was canceled.
24. The lady that I saw in the shop was Vicki Zhao.
25. The man whose dog is sick is a director.
26. The violin that was missing was my birthday present.
27. I’ve just reread the book which I first learned English from.
28. The police officer has just arrested the man who robbed the bank.
29. These are the shoes that I bought in HCMC.

Trên đây là toàn bộ nội dung của Mệnh đề quan hệ – Relative clauses và bài tập có đáp án. Việc tìm hiểu về mệnh đề quan hệ rất bổ ích. Không chỉ giúp bạn trong các bài kiểm tra quan trọng mà đây còn là điểm ngữ pháp thường xuyên áp dụng trong bài thi IELTS Writing, bên cạnh đó còn rèn cho bạn kỹ năng giao tiếp tốt. Chúc các bạn ôn luyện tập tốt!

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